Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, cov nroj tsuag ntsib ntau yam kev ntxhov siab xws li kub siab, lub teeb muaj zog, drought (dej stress), thiab oxidative stress. Betaine, raws li ib qho tseem ceeb osmotic regulator thiab tiv thaiv tau tshaj solute, plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag 'tiv taus rau lub caij ntuj sov kev nyuaj siab. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog:

1. Kev cai permeation:
Txhim kho cell turgor siab:

Qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov nroj tsuag poob dej, ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cytoplasmic osmotic peev xwm (ua denser), uas yooj yim ua rau lub cev qhuav dej thiab wilting ntawm cov hlwb los ntawm ib puag ncig vacuoles los yog cell phab ntsa uas muaj zog nqus dej. Betaine accumulates ntau nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, zoo txo ​​cov osmotic peev xwm ntawm lub cytoplasm, pab hlwb tswj lub siab turgor siab, yog li tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej thiab tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cell qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi.

Balanced vacuolar osmotic siab:

Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm inorganic ions (xws li K ⁺, Cl ⁻, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau hauv lub vacuole kom tswj osmotic siab. Betaine feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cytoplasm, thiab nws cov tsub zuj zuj pab sib npaug osmotic siab sib txawv ntawm cytoplasm thiab vacuoles, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau cytoplasm vim lub cev qhuav dej ntau dhau.

2. Tiv thaiv biomolecules:
Stable protein qauv:

Cov kub kub tuaj yeem ua rau cov protein denaturation thiab inactivation. Betaine molecules nqa cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo (zwitterionic) thiab tuaj yeem txhim kho lub ntuj tsim cov proteins los ntawm hydrogen bonding thiab hydration, tiv thaiv misfolding, aggregation, lossis denaturation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm cov haujlwm enzyme, cov protein tseem ceeb hauv photosynthesis, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov proteins metabolic.

Kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis system:

Kev kub siab thiab cov pa oxygen reactive tuaj yeem ua rau cov lipid bilayer qauv ntawm cov cell membranes (xws li thylakoid daim nyias nyias thiab plasma daim nyias nyias), ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm cov membrane fluidity, to, thiab txawm disintegration. Betaine tuaj yeem txhim kho cov qauv ntawm daim nyias nyias, tswj nws cov dej ib txwm muaj thiab xaiv permeability, thiab tiv thaiv kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov kab mob photosynthetic thiab organelles.

3. Antioxidant tiv thaiv:
Tswj osmotic tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab txo qis kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ntxhov siab.

Txhim kho cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant (xws li superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, thiab lwm yam), txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tus kheej tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant, thiab pab tsis tau cov pa oxygen reactive.
Indirect tshem tawm ntawm reactive oxygen hom:

Lub hnub ci muaj zog thiab kub kub nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau cov pa oxygen reactive hauv cov nroj tsuag, ua rau oxidative puas tsuaj. Txawm hais tias betaine nws tus kheej tsis yog ib qho muaj zog antioxidant, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm:

4. Tiv thaiv photosynthesis:
Qhov kub thiab txias lub teeb muaj zog ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, photosystem II. Betaine tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov thylakoid daim nyias nyias, tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm photosystem II complex, xyuas kom meej lub lag luam du ntawm electron thauj saw, thiab alleviate photoinhibition ntawm photosynthesis.

5. Raws li methyl pub dawb:

Betaine yog ib qho tseem ceeb methyl pub dawb hauv cov kab mob nyob, koom nrog hauv lub voj voog methionine. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej kev ntxhov siab, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas lossis kev tswj hwm metabolic ntawm qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev muab cov pab pawg methyl.

Hauv kev xaus, thaum lub caij ntuj sov scorching, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm betaine ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog:

Kev tuav dej thiab kev tiv thaiv drought:tiv thaiv lub cev qhuav dej los ntawm kev tswj osmotic.
Kev tiv thaiv tshav kub:tiv thaiv cov proteins, enzymes, thiab cell membranes los ntawm kub kub puas.

Resistance rau oxidation:txhim kho antioxidant muaj peev xwm thiab txo cov photooxidative puas.
Txhim kho photosynthesis:tiv thaiv cov kab mob photosynthetic thiab tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yooj yim.

Yog li ntawd, thaum cov nroj tsuag pom cov cim kev ntxhov siab xws li qhov kub thiab txias, lawv qhib txoj hauv kev ntawm betaine synthesis (tsuas yog los ntawm ob-kauj ruam oxidation ntawm choline hauv chloroplasts), nquag sib sau betaine los txhim kho lawv txoj kev ntxhov siab thiab txhim kho lawv txoj kev muaj sia nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov hnyav. Qee cov qoob loo drought thiab ntsev (xws li qab zib beets lawv tus kheej, spinach, nplej, barley, thiab lwm yam) muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj betaine.

Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, exogenous txau ntawm betaine kuj yog siv los ua biostimulant los txhim kho cov qoob loo (xws li pob kws, txiv lws suav, kua txob, thiab lwm yam) rau lub caij ntuj sov kub thiab kev nyuaj siab.