Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, cov nroj tsuag ntsib ntau yam kev nyuaj siab xws li kub heev, lub teeb ci ntsa iab, av qhuav (kev ntxhov siab ntawm dej), thiab kev ntxhov siab oxidative. Betaine, ua tus tswj hwm osmotic tseem ceeb thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xws, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag rau cov kev ntxhov siab lub caij ntuj sov no. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog:

1. Kev tswj hwm kev nkag mus:
Tswj lub zog ntawm cov cell turgor:

Qhov kub thiab qhuav ua rau cov nroj tsuag poob dej, ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cytoplasmic osmotic potential (ua rau ntom dua), uas yooj yim ua rau lub cev qhuav dej thiab lwj ntawm cov cell los ntawm cov vacuoles lossis phab ntsa cell nrog lub peev xwm nqus dej ntau dua. Betaine sib sau ua ke ntau hauv cytoplasm, ua rau txo qis osmotic potential ntawm cytoplasm, pab cov cell tswj tau qhov siab turgor, yog li tiv taus kev qhuav dej thiab tswj tau qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qauv cell thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Lub zog osmotic vacuolar sib npaug:

Muaj ntau cov inorganic ions (xws li K⁺, Cl⁻, thiab lwm yam) sib sau ua ke hauv lub vacuole kom tswj tau qhov siab osmotic. Betaine feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cytoplasm, thiab nws cov kev sib sau ua ke pab sib npaug qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab osmotic ntawm cytoplasm thiab vacuoles, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau cytoplasm vim yog kev qhuav dej ntau dhau.

2. Tiv thaiv cov biomolecules:
Cov qauv protein ruaj khov:

Qhov kub siab tuaj yeem ua rau cov protein denaturation thiab inactivation yooj yim. Betaine molecules nqa cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo (zwitterionic) thiab tuaj yeem ua kom cov protein zoo li qub los ntawm kev sib txuas hydrogen thiab hydration, tiv thaiv kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev sib sau ua ke, lossis denaturation ntawm qhov kub siab. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm cov enzyme ua haujlwm, cov protein tseem ceeb hauv photosynthesis, thiab cov haujlwm ntawm lwm cov protein metabolic.

Lub kaw lus tiv thaiv zaj duab xis:

Cov tshuaj uas kub thiab muaj cov pa oxygen ntau tuaj yeem ua rau cov qauv lipid bilayer ntawm cov cell membranes (xws li thylakoid membranes thiab plasma membranes), ua rau cov membrane fluidity tsis zoo, xau, thiab txawm tias tawg. Betaine tuaj yeem ua kom cov qauv membrane ruaj khov, tswj nws cov fluidity ib txwm thiab kev xaiv permeability, thiab tiv thaiv kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov kab mob photosynthetic thiab organelles.

3. Kev tiv thaiv antioxidant:
Tswj qhov sib npaug ntawm osmotic thiab txo qhov kev puas tsuaj thib ob los ntawm kev ntxhov siab.

Ua kom cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant (xws li superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, thiab lwm yam), txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tus kheej antioxidant tiv thaiv system, thiab tsis ncaj qha pab tshem tawm cov reactive oxygen hom.
Kev tshem tawm tsis ncaj qha ntawm cov hom pa oxygen uas muaj zog:

Lub hnub ci muaj zog thiab qhov kub thiab txias heev thaum lub caij ntuj sov tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam tshuaj reactive oxygen hauv cov nroj tsuag, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj oxidative. Txawm hais tias betaine nws tus kheej tsis yog cov tshuaj antioxidant muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm:

4. Tiv thaiv photosynthesis:
Qhov kub thiab txias thiab lub teeb ci ntsa iab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm photosynthesis, photosystem II. Betaine tuaj yeem tiv thaiv daim nyias nyias thylakoid, tswj kev ruaj khov ntawm photosystem II complex, xyuas kom meej tias kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov saw hlau thauj hluav taws xob, thiab txo qhov kev txwv tsis pub photosynthesis.

5. Ua tus neeg pub methyl:

Betaine yog ib qho ntawm cov methyl donors tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, koom nrog hauv lub voj voog methionine. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev tsim lossis kev tswj hwm kev zom zaub mov ntawm qee cov tshuaj uas teb rau kev ntxhov siab los ntawm kev muab cov pab pawg methyl.

Hauv kev xaus, thaum lub caij ntuj sov kub heev, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm betaine rau cov nroj tsuag yog:

Kev khaws dej thiab kev tiv taus dej qhuav:tiv thaiv kev qhuav dej los ntawm kev tswj hwm osmotic.
Kev tiv thaiv kub:tiv thaiv cov protein, enzymes, thiab cov cell membranes los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov kub siab.

Kev tiv thaiv rau oxidation:ua rau muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob antioxidant thiab txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm photooxidative.
Tswj cov photosynthesis:tiv thaiv cov kab mob photosynthetic thiab tswj kev muab zog yooj yim.

Yog li ntawd, thaum cov nroj tsuag pom cov cim qhia txog kev ntxhov siab xws li kub thiab qhuav, lawv ua kom txoj kev tsim cov betaine (feem ntau yog los ntawm kev oxidation ob kauj ruam ntawm choline hauv chloroplasts), nquag sau betaine los txhim kho lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab thiab txhim kho lawv lub peev xwm ciaj sia nyob hauv qhov chaw sov so. Qee cov qoob loo uas tsis muaj dej thiab ntsev (xws li beets qab zib lawv tus kheej, spinach, nplej, barley, thiab lwm yam) muaj peev xwm muaj zog sau betaine.

Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, kev txau tshuaj betaine sab nraud kuj tseem siv los ua biostimulant los txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov qoob loo (xws li pob kws, txiv lws suav, kua txob, thiab lwm yam) rau lub caij ntuj sov kub thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov av qhuav.