Betaine yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.Raws li pub additive, nws yog muab nyob rau hauv anhydrous los yog hydrochloride daim ntawv. Nws tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau tsiaj pub rau ntau lub hom phiaj.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov hom phiaj no yuav muaj feem xyuam rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm methyl pub muaj peev xwm ntawm betaine, uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv daim siab.Vim kev hloov pauv ntawm cov methyl pawg tsis ruaj khov, kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam sib txuas xws li methionine, carnitine thiab creatine tau txhawb nqa. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, betaine cuam tshuam rau cov protein, lipid thiab lub zog metabolism, thiaj li hloov cov carnitine.
Qhov thib ob, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxiv betaine hauv pub yuav cuam tshuam rau nws txoj haujlwm ua cov organic penetrant.In no function, betaine pab hlwb thoob plaws hauv lub cev tswj cov dej tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab cov kev ua ntawm tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev ntxhov siab.
Hauv npua, cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm betaine supplementation tau piav qhia.Cov kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm betaine ua cov khoom noj ntxiv hauv plab hnyuv ntawm weaned piglets.
Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb betaine tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev zom cov zaub mov hauv ileum lossis tag nrho cov plab zom mov ntawm npua. Rov ua dua kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov nce ileal digestibility ntawm fiber ntau (crude fiber los yog nruab nrab thiab acid detergent fiber) qhia tias betaine txhawb lub fermentation ntawm cov kab mob uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv, vim hais tias txoj hnyuv muaj fiber ntau cov nroj tsuag. tuaj yeem tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm degradation ntawm no microbial fiber.
Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho cov khoom qhuav thiab cov hmoov tshauv crude kuj tau pom.Thaum tag nrho cov plab hnyuv siab raum, nws tau raug tshaj tawm tias piglets ntxiv nrog 800 mg betaine / kg noj tau txhim kho cov protein ntau (+6.4%) thiab cov khoom qhuav (+ 4.2%) digestibility.Ntxiv, ib qho kev tshawb fawb sib txawv pom tau hais tias los ntawm supplementing nrog 1,250 mg / kg ntawm cov protein digestibility. (+ 3.7%) thiab ether extract (+6.7%) tau txhim kho.
Ib qho laj thawj ua tau rau pom qhov nce hauv cov zaub mov digestibility yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine ntawm kev tsim cov enzyme.In kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv vivo ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm betaine rau weaned piglets, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin thiab chymotrypsin) hauv chyme tau soj ntsuam (Daim duab 1, tshwj tsis yog cov enzymes nce ntxiv). betaine tau tshaj tawm ntawm 2,500 mg betaine / kg pub tshaj li ntawm 1,250 mg / kg.Qhov kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nce hauv enzyme ntau lawm, lossis nws yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nce hauv catalytic efficiency ntawm enzyme.
Daim duab 1-Kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv plab enzyme ntawm piglets ntxiv nrog 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg lossis 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Hauv kev sim hauv vitro, nws tau ua pov thawj tias los ntawm kev ntxiv NaCl los tsim cov siab osmotic siab, trypsin thiab amylase kev ua ub no tau inhibited.Ntxiv cov qib sib txawv ntawm betaine rau qhov kev sim no rov qab ua kom cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm NaCl thiab nce enzyme kev ua haujlwm.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum NaCl tsis ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tsis haum, betaine tsis cuam tshuam rau cov enzyme kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho kev txo qis concentration, tab sis ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog dua.
Tsis tsuas yog qhov nce digestibility tuaj yeem piav qhia txog kev nce qib hauv kev loj hlob thiab pub hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm cov npua ntxiv nrog betaine noj zaub mov.Ntxiv betaine rau npua noj kuj tseem txo cov tsiaj tu lub zog xav tau.Qhov kev xav rau qhov kev pom zoo no yog tias thaum betaine tuaj yeem siv los tswj intracellular osmotic siab, qhov kev thov rau ion twj tso kua mis yog txo, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv zog ntxiv. kom paub ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog txaus rau kev loj hlob ntau dua li kev saib xyuas.
Lub epithelial hlwb nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv phab ntsa yuav tsum tau tiv nrog heev sib txawv osmotic tej yam kev mob generated los ntawm lub luminal ntsiab lus thaum lub sij hawm kev zom zaub mov.Tam sim no, cov plab hnyuv hlwb yuav tsum tau tswj kev sib pauv ntawm cov dej thiab cov as-ham sib txawv ntawm cov hnyuv lumen thiab plasma.In thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv hlwb los ntawm cov nyuaj tej yam kev mob, betaining yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm betaine nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yog siab heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias cov qib no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj zaub mov betaine concentration.Zoo-balance hlwb yuav muaj kev loj hlob zoo dua thiab muaj peev xwm rov qab zoo dua.Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias kev nce qib betaine ntawm piglets nce qhov siab ntawm duodenal villi thiab qhov tob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li qub, thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo li qub.
Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev nce hauv qhov siab ntawm villi hauv duodenum, jejunum, thiab ileum tuaj yeem pom, tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tob ntawm cov crypts.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv broiler qaib kis nrog coccidia, kev tiv thaiv ntawm betaine ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab yuav tseem ceeb dua nyob rau hauv qee yam (osmotic).
Cov kab mob plab hnyuv loj yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob epithelial, uas txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov proteins nruj nreem.Qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov barrier yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo thiab cov kab mob pathogenic, uas yuav txwv tsis pub ua o.Rau npua, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm lub plab hnyuv barrier yog suav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm mycotoxin los yog tsis zoo rau kev noj zaub mov.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam, hauv vitro kev sim ntawm cov kab ntawm tes feem ntau yog siv los ntsuas transepithelial hluav taws xob tsis kam (TEER). Nrog rau kev siv betaine, txhim kho TEER tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam hauv vitro thwmsim.Thaum lub roj teeb raug kub (42 ° C), TEER yuav txo qis (Daim duab 2).Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txo qis. TEER, qhia tias muaj kev kub ntxhov ntxiv.
Daim duab 2-In vitro cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab betaine ntawm cell transepithelial tsis kam (TEER).
Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv vivo txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv piglets, kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov protein sib txuas ceev (occludin, claudin1, thiab zonula occludens-1) hauv jejunum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj uas tau txais 1,250 mg / kg betaine tau ntsuas piv nrog cov pab pawg tswj. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov cim ntawm cov hnyuv mucosal plasma kev ua ub no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob oxidation ntawm cov hnyuv. txo qis, qhia tias muaj zog plab hnyuv barrier.Thaum betaine tau ntxiv rau cov khoom noj ntawm cov npua loj hlob, qhov nce hauv plab hnyuv tensile zog tau ntsuas thaum lub sijhawm tua.
Tsis ntev los no, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txuas betaine rau cov kab mob antioxidant thiab piav qhia txo cov dawb radicals, txo qis ntawm malondialdehyde (MDA), thiab txhim kho glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kev ua.
Betaine tsis tsuas yog ua raws li osmoprotectant nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov kab mob tuaj yeem tsim cov betaine los ntawm de novo synthesis los yog kev thauj mus los ntawm ib puag ncig.Muaj cov cim qhia tias betaine tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ntawm cov piglets weaned.Ntau tag nrho cov kab mob ileal, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob bifidobacteria thiab lactoacill tau nce ntxiv. hauv cov quav.
Thaum kawg, nws tau pom tias cov nyhuv ntawm betaine rau txoj hnyuv noj qab haus huv ntawm weaned piglets yog qhov txo qis ntawm raws plab.Cov nyhuv no tej zaum yuav yog nyob ntawm koob tshuaj: kev noj zaub mov ntxiv 2,500 mg / kg betaine zoo dua li 1,250 mg / kg betaine hauv kev txo cov kab mob raws plab.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm piglets muaj ob theem zoo sib xws. 800 mg / kg ntawm betaine yog ntxiv, tus nqi thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm raws plab nyob rau hauv cov piglets weaned yog qis dua.
Betaine muaj pKa qis ntawm kwv yees li 1.8, uas ua rau kev sib cais ntawm betaine HCl tom qab noj, ua rau gastric acidification.
Cov zaub mov nthuav yog qhov muaj peev xwm acidification ntawm betaine hydrochloride raws li qhov chaw ntawm betaine.In tib neeg cov tshuaj, betaine HCl tshuaj feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog pepsin los txhawb cov neeg mob plab thiab digestive teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, betaine hydrochloride yuav siv tau raws li ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg qhov chaw ntawm hydrochloric acid.Txawm hais tias tsis muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom no thaum betaine hydrochloride muaj ib qho tseem ceeb.
Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias pH ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov piglets weaned tej zaum yuav siab (pH> 4), uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm pepsin precursor rau nws cov precursor pepsinogen.Kev zom cov protein zoo tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov tsiaj kom tau txais cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo no. raws plab.Betaine muaj pKa qis ntawm li 1.8, uas ua rau lub dissociation ntawm betaine HCl tom qab noj, ua rau gastric acidification.
Qhov no reacidification luv luv tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ua ntej hauv tib neeg thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv dev.Tom qab ib koob tshuaj ntawm 750 mg lossis 1,500 mg ntawm betaine hydrochloride, pH ntawm lub plab ntawm cov dev yav dhau los kho nrog gastric acid txo cov neeg ua haujlwm poob qis heev los ntawm 7 mus rau pH 2.Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub plab tsis muaj kev kho mob, tus dev tsis tau kho. rau betaine HCl supplementation.
Betaine muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm plab hnyuv ntawm weaned piglets.Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas no qhia txog ntau txoj hauv kev rau betaine los txhawb kev zom zaub mov thiab kev nqus, txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, cuam tshuam rau microbiota, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm piglets.