Betaine muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau txoj hnyuv ntawm cov menyuam npua uas tsis tau noj mis, tab sis feem ntau lawv tsis nco qab thaum xav txog cov tshuaj ntxiv los txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txoj hnyuv lossis txo cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev raws plab thaum tsis tau noj mis. Kev ntxiv betaine ua cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev pub tsiaj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau ntau txoj hauv kev.
Ua ntej, betaine muaj peev xwm pub methyl pawg muaj zog heev, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim siab ntawm tsiaj. Vim yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pawg methyl tsis ruaj khov, kev tsim cov tshuaj sib xyaw xws li methionine, carnitine thiab creatine tau txhim kho. Yog li, betaine cuam tshuam rau cov protein, lipid thiab lub zog metabolism ntawm tsiaj, yog li hloov pauv cov khoom xyaw ntawm lub cev.
Qhov thib ob, betaine tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov zaub mov ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Betaine ua haujlwm ua ib qho osmoprotectant, pab cov cell thoob plaws lub cev tswj cov kua dej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cell, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm ntxhov siab. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm betaine rau cov tsiaj uas raug kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cua sov.
Muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsiaj tau piav qhia vim yog kev ntxiv betaine hauv daim ntawv anhydrous lossis hydrochloride. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tsom mus rau ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev siv betaine ua cov khoom noj khoom haus ntxiv los txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txoj hnyuv hauv cov npua uas tsis tau mis niam.
Muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog betaine tau tshaj tawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm betaine rau kev zom cov as-ham hauv ileum thiab plab hnyuv ntawm npua. Kev soj ntsuam ntau zaus ntawm kev zom cov fiber ntau hauv ileum (cov fiber nyoos lossis cov fiber tsis muaj zog thiab kua qaub) qhia tias betaine txhawb nqa cov kab mob fermentation hauv plab hnyuv me vim tias enterocytes tsis tsim cov enzymes uas ua rau cov fiber puas tsuaj. Cov khoom cog fibrous muaj cov as-ham uas tuaj yeem tso tawm thaum cov microbial fibers lwj. Yog li, kev txhim kho hauv kev zom cov khoom qhuav thiab cov tshauv nyoos kuj tau pom. Ntawm theem ntawm tag nrho txoj hnyuv plab, cov menyuam npua pub zaub mov ntawm 800 mg betaine / kg tau qhia txog kev zom cov protein nyoos (+ 6.4%) thiab cov khoom qhuav (+ 4.2%). Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias qhov pom tseeb tag nrho kev zom cov protein nyoos (+ 3.7%) thiab ether extract (+ 6.7%) tau txhim kho nrog betaine supplementation ntawm 1250 mg / kg.
Ib qho laj thawj uas ua rau pom tias muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev nqus cov as-ham yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm betaine rau kev tsim cov enzyme. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv vivo ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm betaine ntxiv rau hauv cov menyuam npua uas tsis tau noj mis tau soj ntsuam cov haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes zom zaub mov (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin thiab chymotrypsin) hauv kev zom zaub mov (Daim Duab 1). Cov haujlwm ntawm txhua yam enzymes tau nce ntxiv, tshwj tsis yog maltase, thiab cov nyhuv ntawm betaine tau pom tseeb dua ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm 2500 mg betaine / kg pub dua li ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm 1250 mg / kg pub. Kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv yuav yog los ntawm kev tsim cov enzyme ntau ntxiv, tab sis kuj tseem yuav yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm catalytic ntau ntxiv ntawm cov enzymes. Kev sim hauv vitro tau qhia tias trypsin thiab amylase cov haujlwm raug txwv los ntawm kev tsim cov siab osmotic los ntawm kev ntxiv NaCl. Hauv qhov kev sim no, kev ntxiv betaine ntawm ntau qhov concentration tau rov qab kho cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm NaCl thiab txhim kho cov haujlwm enzyme. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsis muaj sodium chloride ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj buffer, cov betaine inclusion complex tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme ntawm cov concentration qis dua, tab sis tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam inhibitory ntawm cov concentration siab.
Tau muaj kev tshaj tawm tias npua tau noj betaine uas pab kom lawv loj hlob zoo dua thiab hloov pauv tau zaub mov zoo dua, thiab kuj pab kom lawv zom zaub mov tau zoo dua. Kev ntxiv betaine rau hauv cov zaub mov npua kuj ua rau tus tsiaj tsis tas siv zog ntau. Lub tswv yim no yog tias thaum betaine muaj los tswj lub zog osmotic hauv lub hlwb, ces yuav tsum siv cov twj ion (ib txoj kev uas xav tau zog) thiaj li yuav txo tau. Yog li ntawd, thaum cov tsiaj noj zaub mov tsawg, qhov uas betaine noj yuav ua rau lawv loj hlob sai dua li tswj cov zog.
Cov hlwb epithelial ntawm phab ntsa plab hnyuv yuav tsum tiv taus cov xwm txheej osmotic uas hloov pauv ntau heev uas tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hnyuv lumen thaum lub sijhawm zom cov as-ham. Tib lub sijhawm, cov hlwb epithelial plab hnyuv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev sib pauv dej thiab ntau yam as-ham ntawm cov hnyuv lumen thiab plasma. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm cov xwm txheej hnyav no, betaine yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev nkag mus rau hauv cov organic. Yog tias koj saib qhov concentration ntawm betaine hauv ntau cov ntaub so ntswg, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov ntaub so ntswg plab hnyuv muaj cov betaine ntau heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau sau tseg tias cov theem no yuav raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov betaine concentration hauv kev noj haus. Cov hlwb zoo sib npaug yuav muaj peev xwm proliferative zoo dua thiab ruaj khov zoo. Hauv kev xaus, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias kev nce qib betaine hauv cov menyuam npua ua rau qhov siab ntawm duodenal villi nce thiab qhov tob ntawm ileal crypts, thiab cov villi tau dhau los ua ib yam nkaus.
Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, qhov siab ntawm cov villous nce ntxiv yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tob ntawm lub crypt tuaj yeem pom hauv duodenum, jejunum, thiab ileum. Qhov cuam tshuam tiv thaiv ntawm betaine rau cov qauv plab hnyuv yuav tseem ceeb dua hauv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb (osmotic), raws li pom hauv cov qaib broiler uas muaj coccidia.
Lub plab hnyuv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb epithelial uas txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm cov protein sib txuas nruj. Qhov kev ua tiav ntawm lub thaiv no yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov kab mob pathogenic uas tuaj yeem ua rau o. Hauv npua, cov teebmeem tsis zoo rau lub plab hnyuv tau xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kis kab mob hauv cov zaub mov nrog mycotoxins lossis ib qho ntawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab kub.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev thaiv, cov kab ntawm tes feem ntau raug sim hauv vitro los ntawm kev ntsuas transepithelial hluav taws xob tsis kam (TEER). Kev txhim kho hauv TEER tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev sim hauv vitro vim yog siv betaine. TEER txo qis thaum cov hlwb raug rau qhov kub siab (42 ° C) (Daim Duab 2). Ntxiv ntawm betaine rau hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb kub no tiv thaiv qhov txo qis hauv TEER, qhia txog kev txhim kho thermotolerance. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb hauv vivo hauv cov menyuam npua tau qhia txog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov protein sib txuas nruj (occludin, claudin1 thiab zonula occlusions-1) hauv cov ntaub so ntswg jejunal ntawm cov tsiaj tau txais betaine ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm 1250 mg / kg piv rau pawg tswj. Tsis tas li ntawd, diamine oxidase kev ua ub no, ib qho cim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosal, tau txo qis hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov npua no, qhia txog kev thaiv txoj hnyuv muaj zog dua. Thaum betaine tau ntxiv rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm cov npua tiav, qhov nce ntawm lub zog tensile ntawm txoj hnyuv tau ntsuas thaum tua tsiaj.
Tsis ntev los no, ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txuas betaine rau lub cev antioxidant thiab piav qhia txog kev txo qis ntawm cov free radicals, kev txo qis ntawm malondialdehyde (MDA), thiab kev nce ntxiv ntawm glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kev ua haujlwm. Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv cov menyuam npua tau qhia tias GSH-Px kev ua haujlwm hauv jejunum tau nce ntxiv, thaum betaine noj zaub mov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau MDA.
Tsis yog betaine ua haujlwm ua osmoprotectant hauv cov tsiaj xwb, tab sis ntau yam kab mob tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke betaine los ntawm kev tsim dua tshiab lossis kev thauj mus los ntawm ib puag ncig. Muaj pov thawj tias betaine yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob ntawm txoj hnyuv ntawm cov menyuam npua uas tsis tau noj mis. Tag nrho cov kab mob ileal tau nce ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lej qis dua ntawm Enterobacteriaceae tau pom hauv cov quav.
Qhov tshwm sim kawg ntawm betaine rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txoj hnyuv hauv cov menyuam npua uas tsis tau noj mis yog qhov txo qis ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev raws plab. Qhov tshwm sim no yuav nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj: kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog betaine ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm 2500 mg / kg tau zoo dua hauv kev txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev raws plab dua li betaine ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm 1250 mg / kg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov menyuam npua tsis tau noj mis zoo ib yam ntawm ob qib kev ntxiv. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau qhia txog qhov tshwm sim qis dua ntawm kev raws plab thiab kev mob nkeeg hauv cov menyuam npua tsis tau noj mis thaum ntxiv nrog 800 mg / kg betaine.
Qhov nthuav yog tias betaine hydrochloride muaj peev xwm ua rau cov kua qaub ua ib qho chaw ntawm betaine. Hauv kev kho mob, cov tshuaj betaine hydrochloride feem ntau siv ua ke nrog pepsin los pab cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem plab thiab zom zaub mov. Hauv qhov no, betaine hydrochloride ua haujlwm ua qhov chaw nyab xeeb ntawm hydrochloric acid. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv muaj txog cov khoom no thaum betaine hydrochloride suav nrog hauv cov pub menyuam npua, nws yuav tseem ceeb. Nws paub tias hauv cov menyuam npua uas tsis tau noj mis, lub plab pH tuaj yeem siab dua (pH > 4), yog li cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme pepsin protein-degrading hauv nws cov precursor pepsinogen. Kev zom cov protein zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog tsuas yog kom cov tsiaj tuaj yeem siv tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov protein uas tsis zom zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev loj hlob tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov kab mob opportunistic thiab ua rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev raws plab tom qab tsis noj mis ntau ntxiv. Betaine muaj tus nqi pKa qis ntawm kwv yees li 1.8, uas ua rau betaine hydrochloride sib cais thaum noj, ua rau lub plab acidification. Qhov kev rov ua acidification ib ntus no tau pom hauv kev tshawb fawb tib neeg ua ntej thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb dev. Cov dev uas tau kho nrog cov tshuaj txo cov kua qaub ua ntej tau pom tias pH hauv plab poob qis heev los ntawm kwv yees li pH 7 mus rau pH 2 tom qab noj ib zaug ntawm 750 mg lossis 1500 mg ntawm betaine hydrochloride. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov dev tswj uas tsis tau txais cov tshuaj, pH hauv plab poob qis heev. Kwv yees li 2, tsis hais txog kev noj betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com