I. Core Function Overview
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev multifunctional pub additive nyob rau hauv aquaculture. Nws tau xub pom los ua qhov tseem ceeb pub noj ntxim nyiam hauv ntses ntses. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tau tshwm sim, ua rau nws yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj hauv dej.

II. Cov Kev Siv Tseem Ceeb thiab Mechanisms of Action

1. Muaj peev xwm noj tau ntxim nyiam
Qhov no yog lub luag haujlwm classic thiab paub zoo ntawm TMAO.

• Mechanism: Ntau yam khoom siv dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yogntses dej hiav txwv,ib txwm muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm TMAO, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv "umami" tsw ntawm cov ntses marine. Lub olfactory thiab saj systems ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv dej yog rhiab heev rau TMAO, lees paub tias nws yog ib tug "zaub mov teeb liab".
• Cov teebmeem:
  • Kev noj zaub mov ntau ntxiv: Ntxiv TMAO rau kev pub noj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov ntses thiab cw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pib noj zaub mov los yog rau hom picky, nyiam sai sai rau lawv noj.
  • Txo Lub Sijhawm Pub Noj: Txo lub sijhawm pub zaub mov tseem nyob hauv dej, txo cov zaub mov poob thiab dej paug.
  • Kev siv tau rau hauv Lwm Txoj Kev Pub Noj: Thaum cov nroj tsuag muaj protein ntau (xws li, taum noj mov) tau siv los hloov cov ntses, ntxiv TMAO tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj tsw thiab txhim kho kev noj zaub mov.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb physiological muaj nuj nqi ntawm TMAO rau marine ntses thiab diadromous ntses.

• Mechanism: Seawater yog ib puag ncig hyperosmotic, ua rau dej hauv cov ntses lub cev tas li ploj mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov dej sab hauv, cov ntses dej hiav txwv haus dej hiav txwv thiab khaws cov khoom siv tsis zoo (piv txwv li, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO ua raws li "sib haum solute" uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ion concentrations siab ntawm cov qauv protein, pab kom ruaj khov hauv cov protein ua haujlwm.
• Cov teebmeem:
  • Txo Osmoregulatory Energy Expenditure: Ntxiv nrogTMAOpab cov ntses hiav txwv tswj hwm osmotic siab zoo dua, yog li coj ntau lub zog los ntawm "kev tuav lub neej" mus rau "kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob".
  • Txhim kho kev nyuaj siab: Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm salinity fluctuation los yog ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab, TMAO supplementation pab tswj lub cev homeostasis thiab txhim kho cov ciaj sia taus.

3. Protein Stabilizer
TMAO muaj lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv cov qauv peb-dimensional ntawm cov proteins.

• Mechanism: Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev ntxhov siab (xws li, kub kub, lub cev qhuav dej, siab siab), cov proteins yog nquag denaturation thiab inactivation. TMAO tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog cov protein molecules, yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm los ntawm cov protein hydration sphere, yog li thermodynamically stabilizing cov haiv neeg folded lub xeev ntawm cov protein thiab tiv thaiv denaturation.
• Cov teebmeem:
  • Tiv thaiv lub plab Health: Thaum lub sij hawm kev zom zaub mov, plab hnyuv enzymes yuav tsum nyob twj ywm. TMAO tuaj yeem txhim kho cov enzymes digestive, txhim kho kev zom zaub mov thiab kev siv.
  • Txhim kho kev ntxhov siab: Thaum lub caij kub kub lossis kev thauj mus los, thaum cov tsiaj hauv dej ntsib kev ntxhov siab, TMAO pab tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ntau cov proteins ua haujlwm (xws li enzymes, cov proteins uas muaj cov qauv) hauv lub cev, txo cov kev ntxhov siab ntsig txog kev puas tsuaj.

4. Txhim kho plab hnyuv thiab Morphology

• Mechanism: Lub osmoregulatory thiab protein-stabilizing cov teebmeem ntawm TMAO sib sau ua ke muab ib tug ruaj khov microenvironment rau cov hnyuv hlwb. Nws tuaj yeem txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj hnyuv villi, ua rau thaj chaw nqus dej.
• Cov teebmeem:
  • Txhawb nqa Nutrient Absorption: Kev noj qab haus huv ntawm plab hnyuv morphology txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm nqus tau zoo dua qub, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev hloov pauv hloov pauv.
  • Txhim kho plab hnyuv muaj nuj nqi: Tej zaum yuav pab tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa, txo cov ntxeem tau ntawm cov kab mob thiab co toxins.

5. Methyl Pub
TMAO tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov metabolism hauv lub cev, ua raws li tus neeg pub khoom noj methyl.

• Mechanism: Thaum lub sij hawm metabolism,TMAO tuaj yeem muab cov pab pawg methyl nquag, koom nrog ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb, xws li kev sib txuas ntawm phospholipids, creatine, thiab neurotransmitters.
• Cov nyhuv: Txhawb kev loj hlob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob sai uas qhov kev thov rau methyl pawg nce; TMAO supplementation tuaj yeem pab tau raws li qhov kev thov no.

III. Daim Ntawv Thov Lub Hom Phiaj thiab Kev Txiav Txim Siab

• Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Daim Ntawv Thov:
  • Marine Fish: Xws li turbot, grouper, loj daj croaker, hiav txwv bass, thiab lwm yam. Lawv yuav tsum tau rau TMAO yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vim hais tias nws cov osmoregulatory muaj nuj nqi yog indispensable.
  • Diadromous Fish: Xws li salmonids (salmon), uas kuj yuav tsum tau nws thaum lub sij hawm marine ua liaj ua teb theem.
  • Crustaceans: Xws li prawns / cw thiab crabs. Cov kev tshawb fawb tseem qhia tau tias TMAO muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab txhawb kev loj hlob.
  • Cov ntses dej qab zib: Txawm hais tias cov ntses dej qab zib tsis tuaj yeem tsim TMAO lawv tus kheej, lawv cov tshuab olfactory tseem tuaj yeem ntes nws, ua rau nws zoo li kev noj zaub mov zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm osmoregulatory tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov dej tshiab.
• Dosage thiab kev txiav txim siab:
  • Dosage: Cov qib sib ntxiv hauv kev pub yog feem ntau 0.1% mus rau 0.3% (piv txwv li, 1-3 kg ib tuj pub). Cov koob tshuaj tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li kev sim siab xav txog cov kab lis kev cai, theem kev loj hlob, kev tsim khoom noj, thiab dej ib puag ncig.
  • Kev sib raug zoo nrog Choline thiab Betaine: Choline thiab betaine yog precursors rau TMAO thiab tuaj yeem hloov mus rau TMAO hauv lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv TMAO tag nrho vim muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tsawg thiab TMAO qhov tshwj xeeb ntxim nyiam thiab cov protein-stabilizing zog. Hauv kev xyaum, lawv feem ntau siv synergistically.
  • Cov teeb meem kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau: Kev sib ntxiv ntau dhau (ntau tshaj li cov koob tshuaj pom zoo) tuaj yeem ua rau cov nqi pov tseg thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qee hom, tab sis tam sim no suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov pa sib ntxiv.

IV. Cov ntsiab lus
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) yog ib qho ua tau zoo, muaj ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus hauv cov dej yug ntses uas sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm kev pub noj mov, kev tswj hwm osmotic siab, kev ruaj ntseg protein, thiab kev txhim kho plab hnyuv.

Nws daim ntawv thov tsis tsuas yog nce tus nqi pub noj thiab kev loj hlob ceev ntawm cov tsiaj hauv dej tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm kev txo cov kev siv zog ntawm lub cev thiab txhawb kev ntxhov siab. Thaum kawg, nws muab kev txhawb nqa muaj zog rau kev tsim khoom, kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm aquaculture. Nyob rau hauv cov dej niaj hnub pub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog high-end marine ntses pub, nws tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom.